نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسنده English
The thought of Twitchell and Klemp, in their pursuit of spiritual happiness, is grounded in the primacy of the soul and spiritual awareness. The purpose of this article is to evaluate their views—specifically, to what extent the notion of the soul’s distinct awareness is valid in achieving spiritual happiness within their interpretations. Accordingly, their thought, which is constructed upon a shared orientation toward an ontological perspective and the primacy of the soul, ultimately diverges in two themes: the journey of the soul and the journey in dreams. However, their ideas share a common deficiency that becomes evident through reference to Ṣadra’s philosophy. First, their ontological framework is structurally inadequate, resulting in a worldview that lacks a coherent explanation and a meaningful connection between the soul’s capacities and the hierarchical degrees of being. Second, their epistemological deviation from the criterion of truth not only fails to provide a measure for assessing the validity of “spiritual awareness” but also overlooks the distinction between genuine and illusory intuition. An assessment conducted without recourse to the criteria of reason and revelation not only undermines the credibility of experience but also creates a fertile ground for imaginative and delusory beliefs. Thus, by reducing spirituality to experiences such as soul travel and dream vision, they diverge from the more comprehensive understanding of spiritual perfection that exists within the revealed religious traditions. In contrast, spiritual experiences are not an end in themselves but rather a means for the soul’s journey toward ultimate Truth.
کلیدواژهها English